Essay --

Stress In Workplace affects Your Health What is Stress? Stress is the destructive source which our bodies experience as we adjust to our constantly altering surroundings. It has both physical and emotional effects on us and may result in positive and negative feelings. Stress can positive and at the same time negative. Positive Stress can help induce action and it can bring responsiveness and new ideas. Negative Stress can cause disbelieve, rejection, anger, and depression. These effects in turn can cause health problems such as headaches, upset stomach, rashes, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. Stress is "not a bad thing, but a necessary thing," according to Parton. Like a stringed instrument, people need a certain amount of tension in order to perform. Too little stress and the instrument won't produce the right sound. Too much stress, and the string snaps. Companies need stress to drive production, however, stress can easily escalate, and left unc hecked, can have a negative effect on a company's bottom line. There are so many things related to workplace stress but it’s very difficult to cater and discuss all of them, here later we bit take a glimpse of todays most common and fastest technology using in business but as an stress, yes non other than â€Å"Internet†. Workplace Stress Workplace stress may be defined as job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury." [(United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, 1999] Or â€Å"The emotional, cognitive, behavioral and physiological reac... ... workplace stress can lessen productivity. This is the case often seen in employees at many organizations. In addition, aside from costs associated with lost efficiency, there are costs with respect to stress connected absenteeism and organizational medical expenses. In particular, these include the costs of lost company time, augment in work-related accidents, troublemaking production, increases in health care costs and health insurance premiums, and most significantly, decreases in output. References Stress at work, United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, 1999 Guidance on work-related stress: Spice of life - or kiss of death, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs What is workplace stress? 10 March 2001. http://www-ilo-mirror.cornell.edu/public/english/protection/safework/stress/whatis.htm

The Poverty of the Lakota People of South Dakota :: Poverty Essays

For the Lakota people of South Dakota, modern day capitalism is a frustrating network of impersonal commerce, resource and profit. Since colonialism, the global arena has replaced the values and needs of the Lakota with presupposed economic definitions of need, and has â€Å"forced deterioration of the traditional political system† existing in Lakota society (115). In the absence of traditional political organization and subsidence economy, the Lakota are impoverished and have little choice but to adhere to the economic prospects offered to them by the federal government. In doing so, Lakota people struggle with â€Å"economic opportunities† that damage community identity and marginalize their status in society. Economics greatly influences their own ability to shape their modern Lakota culture. As â€Å"economic opportunities† align to the mandates of the world economy and are determined by the culture and experience of the United States government, both Pine Ridge and Rosebud maintain distressing levels of poverty and unemployment. In direct response to demands of the world economy, Lakota industry exhibits a growing dependence on cash instead of land, and breaks down community identity (65). Wal-Mart and Safeway chains encumber the production of Lakota owned small business, and similar multinational business chains create limited market success. When a small business actually succeeds in surviving, competition immediately pops up and â€Å"neither [competing business] can make a living† on reservations (37). Attitudes towards successful Lakota entrepreneurs are often sour and unforgiving, as everyone else struggles to survive. However, Lakota people must engage in the economic venues opened to them by the federal government as a federally dependent nation. Factory and wage work make up the bulk of Lakota employment, as well as handicrafts catering to tourist tastes. Naturally, making â€Å"arrows, arrows every day† is â€Å"really boring† (21) for many Lakota, but risks of developing asthma, blisters, broken bones and severe burns in wage work is high. Over the years, the business propositions open to South Dakota Indians have included a â€Å"fishhook factory, moccasin factory, arrow factory and electronic circuit factory in Pine Ridge,† and the destructive nature of factory work threatened the physical health and well being of every individual fortunate to gain employment (18). As the majority of Lakota men and women are forced to seek work outside of the reservation, many parents abandon their families in cramped, over crowded housing units. As dependence on cash instead of land inc reases, and average job spans for Lakota men consist of 3.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Modern Warfare :: essays research papers

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Modern Warfare It is well known that throughout history man's favourite past time has been to make war. It has always been recognised that the opponent with the better weapons usually came out victorious. Nowadays, there is an increasing dependency, by the more developed nations, on what are called smart weapons and on the development of these weapons. The social impact of AI on warfare is something which needs to be considered very carefully for it raises many ethical and moral issues and arguments. The use of smart weapons raises many questions on the price paid to develop these weapons; money which could be used to solve most of the world's social problems such as poverty, hunger, etc. Another issue is the safety involved in the use of these weapons. Can we really make a weapon that does everything on its own without human help and are these weapons a threat to civilians? The main goal of this essay is to discuss whether it is justifiable to use AI in warfare and to what extent. The old time dream of making war bloodless by science is finally becoming a reality. The strongest man will not win, but the one with the best machines will. Modernising the weapons used in war has been an issue since the beginning. Nowadays, the military has spent billions of dollars perfecting stealth technology to allow planes to slip past enemy lines undetected. The technology involved in a complicated system such as these fighter planes is immense. The older planes are packed with high tech gear such as micro processors, laser guiding devices, electromagnetic jammers and infrared sensors. With newer planes, the airforce is experimenting with a virtual reality helmet that projects a cartoon like image of the battlefield for the pilot, with flashing symbols for enemy planes. What is more, if a pilot passes out for various reasons such as the "G" force from a tight turn, then a computer system can automatically take over while the pilot is disabled. A recent example of the use of Al in warfare is the Gulf War. In operation Desert Storm, many weapons such as 'smart' Bombs were used. These were highly complex systems which used superior guidance capabilities but they did not contain any expert systems or neural networks. The development of weapons which use highly complex systems has drastically reduced the number of human casualties in wartime. The bloodshed is minimised because of the accuracy of the computer systems used. This has been an advantage that has brought a lot of praise to the development of such sophisticated (not

The American Response to the Holocaust

The Holocaust is considered as one of the most violent and controversial events in the history of the world. This was a time which showed the devastating oppression and persecution of the Jewish people. Because of it, the United States of America was forced to take drastic measures against the Nazi Regime. Nevertheless, the expected response coming from the U. S. was futile. It is very interesting to analyze as to the reasons behind the events during that time, especially with how the United States of America responded.The Holocaust is described as the â€Å"systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators† (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008). The word â€Å"Holocaust† originated from a Greek word, which means â€Å"sacrifice by fire. † In January 1933, the Nazis hold authority in Germany. They believed that the Germans belong to a superior race and the Jews are believed to be inferior as compared to them. The Jews are also perceived as a threat to the German race, which is the reason the Nazi regime ordered the annihilation of the Jews.The German also attacked other groups that they deemed as racially inferior like the gypsies, disabled, and some Slavic people. Moreover, other groups were also targeted due to ideological and behavioral reasons such as the Communists, Socialists, and even homosexuals (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008). During the Second World War, the United States of America did not even attempt to rescue the Jews and other victims of the holocaust as this was not included in their list of priorities.Even the people responsible in the policy making process of the allied forces also did not know how would they be able to implement a rescue operations for these victims. The difficulties in aiding for these people are largely due to the problem of obtaining visas for them to the United States.The ideas of anti-s emitism or the prejudice against Jews, isolationism, xenophobia or the fear of foreigners as well as the situation of economic depression and the refugee policy of the U. S. State Department led by Cordell Hull made the entry of refugees in the country very problematic (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2008. The U. S. immigration policy indeed had an adverse effect in rescuing the people under the German atrocities and this is clearly seen in the incident of the S. S. St. Louis.When St. Louis sails from Hamburg to Havana, there were 937 Jewish refugees on board who were trying to escape the German persecution. Each refugee has a valid visa that would allow them to enter Cuba temporarily.However, as the boat arrived in Havana the Cuban government announced that the visas were invalid and prohibited their entry into the country. Negotiations were made with the Cuban government as well as with the U. S. government to allow the refugees to enter their countries but these did not succeed. The boat stayed for 12 days in the port of Havana and then in Miami afterwards it was forced to return to Europe. As a consequence majority of the passengers died in the duration of the war (Glazer, 2006).The Roosevelt administration also did not do much efforts to aid the victims as well as the refugees of the Nazi because they deemed that the best means to save these people is by winning the war against Germany as quickly as possible. It was only when the refugee problem was worsening that President Roosevelt established the War Refugee Board, an independent agency that has the responsibility of saving the Nazi's civilian victims. However, the agency rescued refugees coming from the free zones instead of the territories invaded by the Nazis (Glazer, 2006).In the spring of 1944, the Allied governments were already aware of the massive gassings that are taking place in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Jewish leaders have already begged the U. S. government to destroy the gas chambers a s well as the railways towards the camp. Instead, the U. S. air force bombs the Auschwitz-Monowitz industrial complex that is five miles away from the gas chamber. The reason behind such decision is due to the fact that not bombing the gas chamber and the railways leading to it is was part of the United States' wartime policy (Glazer, 2006).Basically, rescuing the victims of the holocaust especially the Jewish population is highly dependent in the wartime policy of the U. S. It is just unfortunate that rescue operations are not a priority in their policy. There have been efforts coming from the American Jewish community to saved their fellow Jews who were being persecuted but they, were afraid that this would result in a stronger feeling of domestic anti-semitism and jeopardizing their relationship with the Roosevelt administration.The lack of interest of the U. S. government in rescuing the victims of the holocaust is the primary reasons such efforts only fell on deaf ears (Glazer, 2006).References Glazer,S. D. (2006). Winning the War. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http//myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Modern/Overview_The_Story_19141948/The_Holocaust/AmericaResponds. htm.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2008). The Holocaust. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://www. ushmm. org/wlc/article. php? lang=en&ModuleId=10005143.

History of Life Insurance Essay

From the earliest days, Man has organized himself to control three main hazards, which confronted him, and still do. These hazards are: †¢ DYING TOO SOON †¢ LIVING TOO LONG †¢ BECOMING DISABLED Life Insurance originated and developed to reduce the impact of these hazards by grouping together with others and thus sharing the risk. The story of the origin of life insurance is very inspiring. The idea of guarding against risk is almost as old as mankind. We know that Joseph recommended storing grain during seven fat years in Egypt against the impending seven lean years. Centuries ago in England, little groups banded together into guilds and societies. Members of these guilds and societies by paying small sums were assured that a certain measure of relief would be given to their families if the breadwinner were taken away. In 1705, â€Å"The Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assistance Office† was founded and it became England’s first successful Life Insurance Company. One of the first records of life insurance was in Rome. The groups called Fratres (burial clubs) came together. These were set up by the poor to pay for the funerals of the members and to help the surviving family members financially. The middle ages had guilds for the various types of highly skilled labor. There are accounts that show that these guilds helped their members with various types of insurance including life insurance and disability insurance. Life insurance came into its own in England in the late1600’s and became popular from that time on. During this time period Lloyd’s of London was growing. Lloyd’s whose name came from Lloyd’s Coffee House where insurance was transacted by ship-owners with the underwriters (backers) who met to put together insurance contracts and other shipping and merchant related business. Some people think of insurance as gambling. It really isn’t gambling even though it has the similarities of probability and odds. Insurance serves a public good of sharing the financial risks of existence and life and death among many to serve those who have experienced a loss. The first life insurance company in the United States started in 1735. This company was started for the benefit of Presbyterian ministers’ families. The mutual life insurance companies originally dominated the life insurance. These are life insurance companies that are owned by the policyholders and thus those policy-owners receive their pro-rata share of the company’s profits. There are also stock life insurance companies where the profits are made for the benefit of the stockholders. Similar to the mutual life insurance companies are fraternal life insurance companies, which were started by the various fraternal orders to assist their members. Today the insurance business has evolved to a multi-faceted business with various programs and numerous distribution methods. The internet and the insurance industry is in its infancy with most insurance companies having a web site and now with web sites able to do life insurance. There are choices today that differ greatly from the choices of even a few years ago. The Internet has made information on life insurance accessible just as any subject. But you still need the right knowledge. That may come from a qualified insurance agent who knows their business or from a great life insurance or disability insurance web site that provides great information for you to study. Life Insurance as we know today, developed from these small beginnings into a gigantic industry, which gives people the security they need to maintain financial soundness, morale, and faith. Through war, inflation, deflation, depression, boom, panic, epidemic, and all kinds of catastrophes, life insurance gives the individual the solid financial footing needed to forge ahead as it is based on sound and scientific principles. Any other financial institution cannot approach its record of service. At the times when Banks failed by the hundreds and the investment companies went under, the Life Insurance Companies paid their dues in full and survived the turmoil. Life Insurance Companies have maintained an enviable record in the face of almost every conceivable trial. Life Insurance is truly INCOME INSURANCE; a new source of income replacing the earning power of the breadwinner if unfortunately he is taken away. It is in a sense, TIME, because it is money a person did not have time to accumulate; an estate that will complete the plans there was not time to finish. Life Insurance is sold not because someone may die, but because someone must live. If people die, the contracts, which the life insurance agent has sold, are LIFE for the survivors. If people live, the contracts are life for their old age. While people live, their contracts assure effective thrift and accumulation of funds and reserves for emergencies and for opportunities. It is an unsurpassed vehicle of savings; protection and growth, which has stood the test of time and given people the security they need to maintain financial soundness and peace of mind.

Case Starbucks Essay

a. Assuming that Starbucks had no significant permanent differences between book income and taxable income, did income before taxes for financial reporting exceed or fall short of taxable income for 2012? Explain. Taxable income before income tax is $2,059 million, and taxable income should minus $674.4 million. So income before taxes exceeds taxable income. b. Will the adjustment to net income for deferred taxes to compute cash flow from operations in the statement of cash flows result in an addition or subtraction for 2012? There will be a subtraction from net income for deferred taxes to compute cash flow. c. Starbucks rents retail space for its coffee shops. It must recognize rent expense as it uses rental facilities but cannot claim an income tax deduction until it pays cash to the landlord. Suggest the scenario that would give rise to a deferred tax asset instead of a deferred tax liability related to occupancy cost – Accrued Occupancy Cost. No lease payment in the begin ning of the rent. As a result, the company recognizes rent expense earlier for financial reporting than for income tax reporting in order for Starbucks to report deferred tax assets. d. Starbucks recognizes an expense related to retirement benefits as employees rendered services but cannot claim an income tax deduction until it pays cash to a retirement fund. Why do the deferred taxes for deferred compensation appear as a deferred tax asset – Accrued Compensation and Related Costs? Suggest possible reasons why the deferred tax asset decreased slightly between the end of 2011 and the end of 2012. Company can contribute cash to a retirement fund in later years, it can claim an income tax deduction. The decreasing amount of the deferred tax asset in could be. Starbucks reports deferred revenue for sales of stored value cards, such as the Starbucks Card and gift certificates. These amounts are taxed when collected, but not recognized in financial reporting income until tendered at a store. Why does the tax effect of deferred revenue appear as a deferred tax asset? Why might the value of this deferred tax asset doubled from 2011 to 2012? Because they recognize revenue even they didn’t get the cash. So the tax can be deferred until they get the cash. g. Starbucks recognizes a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets to reflect â€Å"net operating losses of consolidated  foreign subsidiaries.† Presumably, these are included in â€Å"Other† deferred tax assets. Why might the valuation allowance have financial increase between 2011 and 2012?(no idea) h. Starbucks uses the straight-line depreciation method for financial reporting and accelerated depreciation for income tax reporting. Like most firms, the largest deferred tax liability is for property plant and equipment (depreciation). Explain how depreciation leads to a deferred tax liability. Suggest possible reasons why the amount of the deferred tax liability related to depreciation increased between 2011 and 2012. Starbucks uses different depreciation method for financial reporting and income tax reporting. So the taxable income on financial statements may lower than on income tax reporting. The difference between is deferred tax liability. The accelerate depreciation calculate more with the time, so the amount may increased during 2011 to 2012.

Critically Discuss And Evaluate The Labour Government

Labour Government came to power in 1997, conveying a immense investing to the early old ages attention and instruction of kids. Announcing in the Childrens Plan, how it aims to do this state the best topographic point for kids to turn up. ( Winter, 2008 ) The National Childcare Strategy aimed to advance the wellbeing of kids, whilst back uping parents to accomplish a balance between work and household life by supplying high quality child care ( Potter, 2007 ) . Previously Governments had left childcare chiefly to household and private services, nevertheless the Labour Party are at the head of advancing the benefits of holding a high quality instruction. The National Curriculum topics of 1988 provide the anchor of the course of study and there was considerable mismatch between the new purposes and the specifications for the assorted topics. ( Ward, 2009 ) Since 2003 efforts in the UK to back up an aims-based course of study – that is to state, a course of study in which purpose s, one time selected, are to be realised by the most appropriate curricular agencies, instead than one in which purposes and course of study remain separate. Both Holmes and Nunn argued, in different ways, for a developmentalist history of acquisition, and this in bend left hint in both the Hadow and the Plowden Reports. ( Alexander, 2009 ) However, in the late sixtiess Robert Dearden produced a powerful review of the ‘child-centred ‘ place represented in these studies. Richard Peters emphasised the acquisition of cognition and apprehension for its ain interest and several outstanding theoreticians have followed him in this. More popular histories over the last 40 old ages of what instruction should be for hold tended to polarize this position and the position that kids should be allowed to develop of course, normally to the disadvantage of the latter. ( Alexander, 2009 ) Robert Dearden ‘s ain history, in footings of fiting scholars for a life of personal liberty within a moral model, has been developed farther by later authors. In recent decennaries the inclination of philosophical Hagiographas has been towards puting specific purposes like Dearden ‘s within larger scenes, so that their principle becomes more limpid. ( Alexander, 2009 ) There has therefore been much work on the publicity of personal wellbeing as a cardinal purpose, this being seen as a more inclusive construct than personal liberty. These philosophical geographic expeditions are now going progressively relevant to policy-making, given that well-being underpins the 2004 Children ‘s Act, the five Every Child Matters results and the 2007 Children ‘s Plan. The relationship between personal wellbeing and morality has besides been explored. The importance of instruction for continued development and planetary consciousness has become particularly outstanding in rece nt old ages. ( Parton, 2006 ) Many of these thoughts have impacted on authorities policies on purposes over the last 40 old ages, and have proved influential in course of study deliberations. Pressure for authoritiess to bring forth non merely lists of purposes but besides defendable principles for how they fit together continues, the progressively holistic histories of the theoreticians could good be of service. ( White, 2008 ) The involvement in the early old ages has besides been spurred by new research and scholarship in Fieldss such as neuroscience, developmental psychological science, and economic sciences. The release of the National Academy of Sciences study From Neurons to Neighborhoods ( Shonkoff and Phillips, 2000 ) brought new attending to research on early encephalon development and the importance of experiences in the early old ages for kid wellness and developmental results. At the same clip, economic expert James Heckman was stressing the importance of the early old ages for human capital formation, reasoning that investings made in the early old ages would put the foundation for larning in those old ages and in the hereafter ( Heckman and Lochner, 1999 ) . Heckman has besides joined with developmental psychologists in stressing that both cognitive and non-cognitive facets of development are eventful for ulterior life opportunities ( Heckman, 2003 ) . Further thrust for the turning involvement in early old ages policy is the handiness of strict grounds that high-quality intercessions can better kid development in the early old ages. Surveies of plans such as Nurse-Family Partnerships have found that high-quality early old ages plans can better kid wellness and development for deprived kids, in both cognitive and non-cognitive spheres ( Springate, 2008 ) . These consequences provide evidences for optimism that well-crafted policies could play a function in contracting spreads in school preparedness. At the same clip, nevertheless, there are clearly some bounds to what early old ages plans can carry through ( White, 2008 ) . Some part of the differences that emerge in the early old ages will be due to factors that are non readily altered by policy. A farther challenge is that non all early old ages plans are every bit effectual, high-quality plans are non cheap, and even the most promising theoretical account plans may non work ever y bit good when delivered on a large-scale. ( Springate, 2008 ) There are besides thorny issues to be grappled with sing the extent to which such plans are best delivered universally or targeted to disfavor groups. However, the historical bequest found in the re-emergence of the developmental attack in the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) for kids aged 0-5, overlapping the primary stage of Early Learning Goals are specified for each of the six EYFS Areas of Learning and Development are in England the continuity of traditional topic, ( Kwon, 2002 ) but the topics had to be antiphonal to a new set of national purposes, interdisciplinary work encouraged, and scenes freer to invent their ain course of study within statutory restraints. The overall national purposes are treble: to enable all immature people to go successful scholars, confident persons, and responsible citizens. ( Pugh, 2005 ) The course of study is one that integrates attention, instruction and teaching method and this is apparent in the course of study papers which emphasises how kids should larn instead than what kids should larn. The EYFS comprises legal demands associating to larning, development and public assistance. It brings together the acquisition, development and public assistance demands and ends the differentiation between attention and acquisition and between the birth to three and three to five proviso. ( Kenny, 2006 ) Multi-agency partnership is indispensable to the bringing of the EYFS purposes. Percy-Smith ( 2006 ) provides a reappraisal of the grounds related to the development, bringing and effectivity of strategic partnerships. She argues that local strategic partnerships supervising and commissioning kids ‘s services have an of import portion to play in presenting the Government ‘s Every Child Matters ( ECM ) docket. Change for Children docket, the Children Act 2004, counsel on Lead Professionals, undertakings such as the execution of the Newborn Hearing Screening Programme, and the enlargement of Certain Start. ( Perry-Smith, 2006 ) The national rating of Early Support ( ES ) , the cardinal authorities programme designed to better multi-professional service proviso. ( Young, 2006 ) Equally good as research and rating of plans showing a strong instance for extremely qualified staff in early childhood scenes there is besides the inquiry of what type of staff will be needed in the hereafter. As we move towards more incorporate service bringing staffing becomes an issue ( Cameron, Mooney & A ; Moss, 2002 ) . In New Zealand considerable authorities outgo has been directed towards accomplishing a to the full qualified instructor work force by 2012 ( New Zealand Education Review Office, 2004 ) . A extremely trained and skilled work force is indispensable to supplying high quality child care. Presently the sector as a whole invest little in staff preparation and development, rewards are besides inveterate low. ( Broadhead, 2007 ) If the EYFS is to be delivered efficaciously preparation and support is indispensable non merely for new entrants to the work force but besides for bing staff. It is likely that authorities financess will necessitate to be invested to guaranti ng that all scenes are able to present the course of study. The presence of extremely qualified and experient staff has been systematically linked to high quality interactions between kids and grownups, and this is an of import factor in the societal, linguistic communication and cognitive development of kids in group scenes. Research indicates that specialised early childhood staff engage in well more developmentally appropriate interactions with kids of all ages ( Phillips, 1987 ) . The links between higher degrees of qualified staff and positive results for kids have been established ( Phillips, Mekos, Scarr, McCartney & A ; Abbott-Shim 2001 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cypnow.co.uk/Archive/929092/Early-Years-Foundation-Stage — -difference-year-made/